Events
1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon – Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces under Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade.
1121 - Battle of Didgori: the Georgian army under King David the Builder wins a decisive victory over the famous Seljuk commander Ilghazi.
1164 - Battle of Harim: Nur ad-Din defeats the Crusader armies of the County of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch.
1281 - The fleet of Qubilai Khan is destroyed by a typhoon while approaching Japan.
1323 - Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and Novgorod (Russia) regulates the border for the first time.
1332 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Dupplin Moor – Scots under Domhnall II, Earl of Mar are routed by Edward Balliol.
1480 - Battle of Otranto – Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians for refusing to convert to Islam.
1499 - First engagement of the Battle of Zonchio between Venetian and Ottoman fleets.
1676 - Praying Indian John Alderman shoots and kills Metacomet the Wampanoag war chief, ending King Philip's War.
1687 - Charles of Lorraine defeats the Ottomans at the Battle of Mohács.
1793 - The Rhône départment is created when the former département of Rhône-et-Loire is split into two: Rhône and Loire (Lêre).
1806 - Santiago de Liniers re-takes the city of Buenos Aires after the first British invasion.
1833 - Chicago is founded.
1851 - Isaac Singer is granted a patent for his sewing machine.
1877 - Asaph Hall discovers Deimos.
1883 - The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam.
1898 - Armistice ends the Spanish-American War.
1898 - The Hawaiian flag is lowered from Iolani Palace in an elaborate annexation ceremony and replaced with the American flag to signify the transfer of sovereignty from the Republic of Hawai`i to the United States.
1908 - Ford builds the first Model T.
1914 - World War I – Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary; countries of the British Empire are also included.
1943 - Alleged date of the first Philadelphia Experiment test on United States Navy ship USS Eldridge.
1944 - Waffen SS troops massacre 560 people in Sant'Anna di Stazzema.
1944 - Alençon is liberated by General Leclerc, the first city in France to be liberated from the Nazis by French forces.
1952 - The Night of the Murdered Poets – thirteen most prominent Jewish intellectuals are murdered in Moscow.
1953 - Nuclear weapons testing: the Soviet atomic bomb project continues with the detonation of Joe 4, the first Soviet thermonuclear weapon.
1953 - The islands of Zakynthos and Kefalonia in Greece are severely damaged by an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the richter.
1960 - Echo I, the first communications satellite, launched.
1964 - South Africa is banned from the Olympic Games due to the country's racist policies.
1964 - Charlie Wilson, one of the Great Train Robbers escapes from Winson Green Prison in Birmingham, England.
1969 - Violence erupts after the Apprentice Boys of Derry march in Derry, Northern Ireland, resulting in a three-day communal riot known as the Battle of the Bogside.
1977 - The first free flight of the Space Shuttle Enterprise.
1977 - Start of Sri Lankan riots of 1977, targeting the minority Sri Lankan Tamil people this riot started less than a month after the United National Party came to power, over 300 Tamils are killed.
1978 - Japan and the People's Republic of China sign the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China.
1980 - Signature of the Montevideo Treaty establishing the Latin American Integration Association.
1981 - The IBM Personal Computer is released.
1982 - Mexico announces it is unable to pay its enormous external debt, marking the beginning of a debt crisis that spreads to all of Latin America and the Third World.
1985 - Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashes into Osutaka ridge in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, killing 520, to become the worst single-plane air disaster.
1992 - Canada, Mexico, and the United States announce completion of negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
1994 - Major League Baseball players go on strike. The work stoppage forces the cancellation of the 1994 World Series.
2000 - The Oscar class submarine K-141 Kursk of the Russian Navy explodes and sinks in the Barents Sea during a military exercise.
2004 - New Jersey Gov. James McGreevey comes out publicly as a gay man.
2005 - Sri Lanka's foreign minister, Lakshman Kadirgamar, is fatally shot by an LTTE sniper at his home.
2005 - An F2 tornado strikes the coal mining town of Wright, Wyoming, destroying nearly 100 homes and killing two people.
2005 - An F1 tornado strikes Glen Cove, New York, a rare event on Long Island
2007 - Bulk carrier M/V New Flame collides with oil tanker Torm Gertrud at the southernmost tip of Gibraltar, ending up partially submerged.
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